The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: Self-control plays a significant role in physical and spiritual health. Studies have shown that spiritual attitudes and religious teachings play a role in promoting self-control. The purpose of this study was to determine the components of self-control construct in Shiite youth.Methods: Based on the purpose of the study, i.e. determining the self-control construct, and based on criterion-oriented studies in this regard, in the present study, qualitative approach was applied with grounded theory method for collecting data. The participants were 32 youths whose self-control was evaluated using a semi-structured interview. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Results: The findings of this study showed that self-control construct in Shiite youth has four main components and fourteen subcomponents: 1) Attitude (belief in the benefits of avoidance, belief in harms of committing, attention to the emotions involved in the problem, problem solving, self-esteem); 2) self-motivation ability (the benefits of avoiding, paying attention to the damage done, paying attention to the emotions involved in the problem, and positive self-assertion); 3) the ability to control oneself and the environment (the ability to control attention, the ability to control impulse, the ability to control the environment, the active conditioning, socializing with good friends); and 4) adaptability, self-awareness, problem solving ability, flexibility, acceptance of excitement and behavior management, secondary positive evaluation.Conclusion: By comparing the results of the presents study with the text-based studies such as the one by Rafi’ee Honar, who considers the self-control construct as self-monitoring, target recognition, motivation, excitement control, cognitive control and persistent control, it can be found that the model developed in the present study makes the psychological self-control constructs more clear and, consequently, provides a more appropriate ground for developing self-control scales of the Shiite youth and appropriate psychological training programs for promoting self-control.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Please cite this article as: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.2123

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries

Early-infantile onset epilepsy and developmental delay caused by bi-allelic GAD1 variants.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the most abundant amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ∼90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. Disruption of GAD1 results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, and as Gad1-/- mice die neonatally of severe cleft palate, it has not been possible to determine any potential neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, little is known about the consequence of GAD1 disruption in humans. Here we present six affected individuals from six unrelated families, carrying bi-allelic GAD1 variants, presenting with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by early-infantile onset epilepsy and hypotonia with additional variable non-CNS manifestations such as skeletal abnormalities, dysmorphic features and cleft palate. Our findings highlight an important role for GAD1 in seizure induction, neuronal and extraneuronal development, and introduce GAD1 as a new gene associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy

Arteriovenous malformations of the colon: A report of two cases and review of the literature

Background: Arteriovenous malformations are one of the most common vascular disorders of the colon. Vascular disorders present as painless, high-volume rectal bleeding. Case Presentation: This study elucidates two rare cases of vascular disorders that are diagnosed as angiodysplasia of the left colon and cavernous hemangioma of the colon and rectum.  The chief complaint in two patients was rectorrhagia. The patients who were diagnosed of ulcerative colitis were treated with sulfadiazine and prednisone. Due to continuous bleeding, the patients were referred to the surgery department for operation. The patients underwent total proctocolectomy. Conclusion: We discuss the faults in the diagnosis and management of vascular disorders of the intestine

نموذج الضبط الذاتي لدى شباب الشيعة مع النظر الى النظرية البنيوية

سابقه و هدف: خودمهارگری نقش بسزایی در سلامت جسمی و معنوی دارد. در پژوهش‌هایی نشان داده‌ شده که نگرش‌های معنوی و آموزه‌های دینی در ارتقای خودمهارگری نقش دارند. هدف این پژوهش تعیین مؤلفه‌های سازۀ خودمهارگری در جوانان شیعه بود. روش کار: با توجه به هدف پژوهش که تدوین سازۀ خودمهارگری بود و با توجه به پژوهش‌های ملاک‌محور انجام شده در این زمینه؛ در این پژوهش، جمع‌آوری داده‌ها با روش مصاحبۀ کیفی و تحلیل داده‌ها با روش نظریۀ زمینه‌ای (کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتزاعی) انجام شد. شرکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش 32 نفر از جوانان شیعه (14 زن و 18 مرد در سنین 22 تا 45) بودند که چگونگی خودمهارگری آنان با استفاده از مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته ارزیابی شد. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان مقاله هیچ‌گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که سازۀ خودمهارگری در جوانان شیعه، دارای چهار مؤلفۀ اصلی و 20 ریزمؤلفه است: 1) نگرش (باور به فواید اجتناب، باور به آسیب‌های ارتکاب، اهتمام به احساسات درگیر در مسئله و عزّت ‌نفس)، 2) توانایی خودانگیزشی (توجه به فواید اجتناب، توجه به آسیب‌های ارتکاب، توجه به احساسات درگیر در مسئله، تلقین مثبت به خود و الگوگیری از اهل بیت)، 3) توانایی کنترل خود و محیط (توانایی بازداری توجه، توانایی کنترل تکانه، توانایی کنترل محیط، شرطی‌سازی کنشگر، معاشرت با دوستان خوب و مداومت بر عمل مطلوب) و 4) سازگاری (خودآگاهی، توانایی حل مسئله، انعطاف‌پذیری، پذیرش هیجان و مدیریت رفتار و ارزیابی مثبت ثانویۀ معنوی). نتیجه‌گیری: با مقایسۀ نتایج این پژوهش با پژوهش‌های متن‌محور همچون پژوهش رفیعی‌هنر که سازۀ خودمهارگری را شامل خودنظارت‌گری، هدف‌شناسی، انگیزش، مهار هیجانی، مهار رفتاری، مهار شناختی و مهار تداوم‌بخش دانسته است، مشاهده می‌شود که مدل حاصل از این پژوهش سازوکارهای روانی خودمهارگری را آشکارتر کرده و در نتیجه بستر مناسب‌تری برای تدوین مقیاس خودمهارگری جوان شیعۀ مسلمان و تدوین برنامه‌های آموزش روانی معنوی مناسب برای ارتقای خودمهارگری فراهم کرده است. استناد مقاله به این صورت است: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-Control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.21233Background and Objective: Self-control plays a significant role in physical and spiritual health. Studies have shown that spiritual attitudes and religious teachings play a role in promoting self-control. The purpose of this study was to determine the components of self-control construct in Shiite youth. Methods: Based on the purpose of the study, i.e. determining the self-control construct, and based on criterion-oriented studies in this regard, in the present study, qualitative approach was applied with grounded theory method for collecting data. The participants were 32 youths whose self-control was evaluated using a semi-structured interview. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Results: The findings of this study showed that self-control construct in Shiite youth has four main components and fourteen subcomponents: 1) Attitude (belief in the benefits of avoidance, belief in harms of committing, attention to the emotions involved in the problem, problem solving, self-esteem); 2) self-motivation ability (the benefits of avoiding, paying attention to the damage done, paying attention to the emotions involved in the problem, and positive self-assertion); 3) the ability to control oneself and the environment (the ability to control attention, the ability to control impulse, the ability to control the environment, the active conditioning, socializing with good friends); and 4) adaptability, self-awareness, problem solving ability, flexibility, acceptance of excitement and behavior management, secondary positive evaluation. Conclusion: By comparing the results of the presents study with the text-based studies such as the one by Rafi’ee Honar, who considers the self-control construct as self-monitoring, target recognition, motivation, excitement control, cognitive control and persistent control, it can be found that the model developed in the present study makes the psychological self-control constructs more clear and, consequently, provides a more appropriate ground for developing self-control scales of the Shiite youth and appropriate psychological training programs for promoting self-control. Please cite this article as: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.21233خلفية البحث وأهدافه: الضبط الذاتي له دور كبير في توفير السلامة الجسدية والروحية. أظهرت الدراسات بأن التوجهات الروحية والتعاليم الدينية لها دور في رفع مستوى الضبط الذاتي. أن الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد العناصر المؤلفة للضبط الذاتي عند شباب الشيعة. منهجية البحث: نظرا الى الهدف من الدراسة والذي هو صياغة هيكلية الضبط الذاتي ونظرا الى الأبحاث ذات المحاور المعيارية والتي تمت في هذاالمجال؛ فقد تم في هذه الدراسة تجميع المعلومات بأسلوب المقابلة النوعية و تفسير المعلومات بأسلوب النظرية البنيوية (وضع مفاتيح مفتوحة، محورية و انتزاعية). كان عدد المشاركين في هذه الدراسة 32 شخصاً من شباب الشيعة (14 أمرأة و 18 رجلاً في أعمار 22 الى 45) وتم تقييم كيفية ضبطهم الذاتي عبر اجراء مقابلة شبه منظمة. تمت مراعاة جميع الموارد الأخلاقية في هذا البحث؛ فإن مؤلفي البحث لم يشيروا الى اي تضارب في المصالح. الكشوفات: أظهرت كشوفات الدراسة بأن هيكلية الضبط الذاتي لدى شباب الشيعة لديها أربعة عناصر رئيسية و 20 عنصر فرعي: 1) التوجه (الايمان بفوائد الاجتناب، الايمان بأضرار الارتكاب، الاهتمام بالمشاعر المعنية بالقضية وعزة النفس)؛ 2) القدرة على الدفع الذاتي (الاهتمام بفوائد الاجتناب، الأهتمام بأضرار الارتكاب، الاهتمام بالمشاعر المعنية بالقضية، التلقين الايجابي لأنفسناوالاقتداء بأهل البيت (ع))؛ 3) القدرة على مراقبة الذات والبيئة (القدرة على ردع الاهتمام، القدرة على المراقبة الفردية، القدرة على مراقبة البيئة، التكييف المشروط، معاشرة الاصدقاء الجيدين و المثابرة على العمل المطلوب) و 4) الملائمة (الوعي الذاتي، القدرة على حل المشكلة، المرونة، قبول الاثارة وإدارة السلوك و التقييم الروحي الايجابي الثانوي).  الاستنتاج: مع مقارنة نتائج هذه الدراسة بدراسات محورها النصوص مثل دراسة رفيعي في الفنون الذي تعتبر أن هيكلية الضبط الذاتي تتضمن الأشراف الذاتي، معرفة الهدف، الدافع، ضبط الاثارة، الضبط السلوكي، ضبط المعرفة و ضبط الأستمرارية نشاهد ان النموذج الناتج عن هذه الدراسة قد أبرز اكثر الأليات النفسية في الضبط الذاتي و بالتالي قامت بتوفير أرضية مناسبة اكثر لصياغة مقاييس الضبط الذاتي عند شباب الشيعة المسلمين وصياغة برامج تعليمية روحية ونفسية مناسبة من أجل رفع مستوى الضبط الذاتي.   يتم استناد المقالة على الترتيب التالي: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.2123